IdeBahasa

GHOSTS POPULARIZED: A TRANSNATIONAL STUDY OF INDONESIAN AND AMERICAN HORROR FILMS

2026-06-29T11:56:57+00:00

As a type of horror film widely watched by people in both Indonesia and the United States, ghost-themed movies contain a wealth of information that can be gleaned through research. Indonesian culture, which has various ghost myths, makes the discussion on ghosts interesting and useful, particularly if it is also linked to the transnational perspective. This descriptive research focuses on analyzing ghost characters in Indonesian and American horror films to identify portraits associated with ghosts in Indonesian horror films and to examine the changes occurring in American ghost movies from a transnational perspective. The study incorporated Roland Barthes’ semiotic approach to interpret ghost characters in Indonesian horror movies selected by using the purposive sampling technique to gather the data based on the specific themes needed in the study. The result showed that ghost portraits in Indonesian horror films could signify anger, vengefulness, as well as solitude. Apart from that, by using a transnational perspective to study the phenomena of ghost films in Indonesia and the US, this study found that American ghost movies have developed an American version of ghost characters, and there was a similar pattern – the idea of possession and haunted houses in Indonesian and American ghost films.

REPRESENTASI KEBUTUHAN TOKOH DAN KONFLIK SOSIAL DALAM CERPEN ROBOHNYA SURAU KAMI DAN PELAJARAN MENGARANG: PERSPEKTIF HIERARKI MASLOW

2026-06-29T11:56:57+00:00

Penelitian ini membandingkan dua cerpen Indonesia, Robohnya Surau Kami karya A.A. Navis dan Pelajaran Mengarang karya Seno Gumira Ajidarma, untuk mengungkap persamaan dan perbedaan pengemasan kritik sosial melalui tokoh, konflik, serta alur cerita dengan pendekatan komparatif. Teori Hierarki Kebutuhan Maslow digunakan menganalisis kondisi psikologis tokoh berdasarkan pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia. Sumber data primer adalah kedua cerpen, didukung teori sastra, artikel ilmiah, dan penelitian terdahulu. Metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif menerapkan close reading mendalam pada struktur cerita, gaya penceritaan, simbolisme, serta pesan moral. Analisis data melibatkan pendekatan komparatif hierarkis Maslow terhadap lima kebutuhan (fisiologis, keamanan, sosial/cinta, penghargaan, aktualisasi diri) pada tokoh, dikaitkan dengan konflik sosial, tokoh, dan alur. Hasil menunjukkan kedua cerpen menyoroti persoalan sosial secara berbeda: di Robohnya Surau Kami, tokoh kakek dan masyarakat desa memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologis-keamanan dasar, tapi gagal pada sosial/cinta (kurang empati), penghargaan (ritualisme agama kosong), dan aktualisasi diri (tanpa aksi sosial), memicu konflik kemunafikan keagamaan yang merobohkan surau simbolis. Di Pelajaran Mengarang, tokoh anak memenuhi fisiologis minimal (sekolah), tapi gagal total pada keamanan (lingkungan represif), sosial/cinta (kurang kasih sayang), penghargaan (penghinaan kreativitas), dan aktualisasi diri (pertumbuhan terhambat), menghasilkan konflik pendidikan otoriter. Persamaan: tokoh korban situasi sosial tidak berpihak dengan kegagalan kebutuhan Maslow tingkat atas, memperburuk konflik dari konteks agama vs. pendidikan. Perbedaan: fokus ritualisme dewasa vs. represi anak. Secara keseluruhan, keduanya menyuarakan kegelisahan sosial, dan mengajak renungan kemanusiaan melalui sastra.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING IN THE TEXT “THERE’S NO PEACE IN BOARD OF PEACE. FREE PALESTINE” IN THE STAGE VISUALS OF FEAST’S CONCERT: A PRAGMASEMANTIC STUDY

2026-06-30T07:08:30+00:00

Language in visual media does not merely function as a decorative element, but also as a semiotic unit that actively constructs and conveys meaning. This study examines the construction of meaning in the text "There's No Peace in Board of Peace. Free Palestine" displayed in the stage visuals of Feast's concert through a pragmasemantic approach. This text emerges from two contemporary issues that are linguistically relevant, namely the ongoing Israeli aggression against Gaza and Indonesia's decision to join the Board of Peace in January 2026, rendering these issues urgent objects of pragmasemantic inquiry. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method with an inductive approach, in which theory does not precede data but emerges from the analytical process itself. Data were collected through a documentation technique, namely a screenshot of a post on the Instagram account @ffeastt uploaded on February 12, 2026. Analysis was conducted through three stages of data analysis technique, namely data reduction, data display, and drawing and verifying conclusions, with the integration of semantic and pragmatic dimensions as the analytical core. The findings were presented in a pragmasemantic analysis table and a descriptive narrative. The findings reveal interrelated lexical, grammatical, denotative, and connotative meanings across all three units. Semantically, the three phrases construct a layered socio-political message. Pragmatically, they perform different speech-act functions whose implicatures converge on one message: genuine peace cannot exist without Palestinian independence. The construction of meaning follows a coherent argumentative logic of condition, irony, and solution.

ANALISIS KEJELASAN BAHASA PADA PAPAN INFORMASI DAN RAMBU PROYEK KONSTRUKSI TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN MASYARAKAT

2026-06-29T11:56:58+00:00

Sektor konstruksi dikenal sebagai industri dengan tingkat risiko kecelakaan kerja yang tinggi, sehingga komunikasi informasi yang efektif melalui papan proyek dan rambu keselamatan merupakan hal yang krusial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kejelasan bahasa pada papan informasi dan rambu proyek konstruksi jalan di Kota Bandung serta dampaknya terhadap pemahaman masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kuantitatif dan metode analisis statistik deskriptif dengan instrumen kuesioner skala Likert yang disebarkan kepada 59 responden, disertai observasi langsung pada tiga lokasi proyek konstruksi jalan aktif di Kota Bandung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keterbacaan dan pemahaman masyarakat berada dalam kategori baik. Sebanyak 79,1% responden menilai aspek keterbacaan secara positif, 93,2% memahami informasi dengan baik, dan 81,9% menyatakan kalimat pada papan proyek sudah jelas dan tidak menimbulkan kebingungan. Meski demikian, sebesar 18,8% responden masih mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami istilah teknis, dan sebagian responden menyarankan perbaikan pada tata letak serta ukuran huruf. Secara keseluruhan, papan proyek konstruksi telah berfungsi cukup efektif sebagai media komunikasi publik. Namun demikian, perlu dilakukan upaya peningkatan agar lebih inklusif melalui penyederhanaan bahasa, penjelasan istilah teknis, dan perbaikan desain visual demi kepentingan seluruh lapisan masyarakat.

PENGGUNAAN CAMPUR KODE DALAM SALURAN WHATSAPP @Ueno Family Japan Official: KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK

2026-06-29T11:56:59+00:00

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk campur kode bahasa Indonesia–Jepang serta fungsi sosial penggunaannya dalam saluran WhatsApp @Ueno Family Japan Official. Data penelitian diperoleh dari tuturan tertulis yaitu caption atau takarir pada unggahan pada saluran WhatsApp @Ueno Family Japan Official selama bulan November 2025, dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif menggunakan teori campur kode Chaer. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui dokumentasi, sedangkan analisis dilakukan dengan teknik analisis isi (content analysis) untuk mengklasifikasikan bentuk campur kode dan menafsirkan fungsi sosialnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 36 data campur kode, dengan dominasi campur kode kata dasar dan frasa, sedangkan campur kode klausa tidak ditemukan. Campur kode digunakan untuk menyampaikan sapaan, aktivitas sehari-hari, istilah budaya Jepang, membangun kedekatan emosional dengan penggemarnya, dan mencerminkan strategi komunikasi keluarga transcultural atau lintas budaya Indonesia–Jepang dalam mempertahankan identitas kebahasaan dan budaya di lingkungan digital. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi pada studi sosiolinguistik mengenai penggunaan campur kode dalam komunikasi keluarga di media digital

KONSTRUKSI LINGUISTIK TERDAKWA KELAS BAWAH DALAM TEKS BERITA MEDIA DARING: ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS MODEL SARA MILLS PADA PEMBERITAAN KASUS FANDI RAMADHAN

2026-06-29T11:56:59+00:00

Penelitian ini menganalisis konstruksi linguistis terhadap terdakwa Anak Buah Kapal (ABK) kelas bawah dalam teks berita media daring menggunakan analisis wacana kritis model Sara Mills. Tiga teks berita yang memuat pemberitaan kasus hukum terhadap seorang ABK kelas bawah pada periode Maret dipilih sebagai data karena merepresentasikan praktik speed journalism dan click-driven economy yang rentan terhadap bias serta minim verifikasi berimbang. Landasan teoretis penelitian ini didukung oleh perspektif analisis wacana kritis, linguistik sistemik fungsional, dan kajian representasi media. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui teknik dokumentasi, sedangkan analisis data dilaksanakan melalui enam tahapan analisis wacana kritis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) aparat penegak hukum tampil dominan sebagai subjek naratif yang otoritatif melalui penggunaan verba proses mental dengan tingkat kepastian epistemis tinggi, sedangkan terdakwa lebih sering ditempatkan sebagai objek pasif; (2) media menggunakan strategi diksi sensasional, distribusi ruang naratif yang tidak proporsional, serta asimetri modalitas untuk mengarahkan pembaca pada perspektif aparat; dan (3) terdapat tiga bentuk representasi terdakwa yang tidak setara, yaitu sebagai pelaku (dominan), korban (marginal), dan pihak yang tidak memiliki kuasa naratif (konsisten). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa media tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai sarana penyampaian informasi, tetapi juga sebagai instrumen ideologis yang mengonstruksi realitas hukum dan mereproduksi relasi kuasa yang berpotensi merugikan kelompok rentan.

PENGGUNAAN BAHASA DALAM PENYUSUNAN RENCANA ANGGARAN BIAYA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI

2026-06-29T11:57:00+00:00

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji sejauh mana ketepatan bahasa berperan dalam penyusunan Rencana Anggaran Biaya (RAB) Proyek Konstruksi pada mahasiswa Teknik Sipil Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia angkatan 2025. RAB bukan sekedar dokumen perencanaan biaya semata, melainkan juga berfungsi sebagai media komunikasi teknis yang menuntut penggunaan bahasa yang jelas, tepat, dan konsisten, sebab ketika bahasa yang digunakan tidak cermat, potensi multitafsir pun terbuka lebar dan dapat berujung pada kesalahan nyata dalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi di lapangan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian tersebut, digunakan metode campuran (mixed method) dengan tiga teknik pengumpulan data, yaitu kuesioner kepada 80 responden, analisis terhadap 10 dokumen RAB, serta wawancara semi-terstruktur kepada 4 responden terpilih, yang seluruhnya dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan mengacu pada lima indikator utama berupa ketepatan ejaan, ketepatan istilah, kejelasan deskripsi pekerjaan, konsistensi, dan ambiguitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa rata-rata tingkat kesalahan kebahasaan mencapai 45,28% dengan kesalahan paling dominan ditemukan pada aspek penggunaan istilah teknis. Meskipun secara konseptual mahasiswa sebenarnya memahami betapa pentingnya ketepatan bahasa dalam RAB, pemahaman itu belum sepenuhnya terwujud dalam praktik penyusunan dokumen yang mereka lakukan. Hasil wawancara turut mengungkap akar permasalahannya, yakni kurangnya pengalaman, ketergantungan pada referensi yang tidak terstandar, serta rendahnya kesadaran untuk memverifikasi istilah yang digunakan menjadi faktor-faktor utama yang melatarbelakangi kesalahan tersebut, sehingga pada akhirnya temuan ini menegaskan adanya kesenjangan yang nyata antara pemahaman konseptual dan kemampuan praktik mahasiswa yang menuntut penguatan kemampuan komunikasi teknis dalam proses pembelajaran demi meningkatkan kualitas penyusunan RAB secara menyeluruh.

FROM FOMO TO HODL: AN ANALYSIS OF JARGON IN CRYPTOCURRENCY YOUTUBE VIDEOS

2026-06-29T11:57:01+00:00

Using Yule’s paradigm of word formation and jargon functions, this study investigated the formation and purposes of jargon in Bitcoin and cryptocurrency conversation. It sought to clarify the linguistic construction of specialized language and its social functions in digital financial communication. Data were gathered from two YouTube-based bitcoin content sources using a qualitative descriptive method. Jargon phrases were identified, categorized, and semantically interpreted. The results demonstrated that an organized jargon system incorporating both technical and social characteristics is used in cryptocurrency debate. The most common word-formation technique is compounding, which is followed by derivation and borrowing. Conversion, blending, and acronymy/initialism are less common. Functionally, jargon fulfills three main roles: efficiency, exclusion, and in-group identity. Compounding and conversion enhance communicative efficiency, derivation and borrowing restrict accessibility, and blending and acronymy signal community membership. Furthermore, this research indicated that the most frequent formation types particularly compounding and derivation are intimately linked to the dominating functions of efficiency and exclusion. Overall, cryptocurrency jargon functioned as a strategic linguistic system shaping expert communication and social identity.

KEJELASAN BAHASA DALAM DOKUMEN TEKNIS KONSTRUKSI: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS TERHADAP DAMPAKNYA PADA PEMAHAMAN DAN PELAKSANAAN PROYEK

2026-06-29T11:57:01+00:00

Dokumen teknis konstruksi merupakan acuan utama dalam pelaksanaan proyek karena memuat ruang lingkup pekerjaan, tanggung jawab para pihak, prosedur pelaksanaan, spesifikasi teknis, dan ketentuan kontraktual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor kejelasan bahasa dalam dokumen teknis konstruksi serta menganalisis keterkaitannya dengan pemahaman para pihak, pelaksanaan pekerjaan, dan potensi klaim proyek. Penelitian ini didukung oleh teori keterbacaan dokumen, ambiguitas kontrak, ketidaklengkapan kontrak, serta konsep klaim dan sengketa konstruksi. Sumber data penelitian berupa 15 artikel ilmiah nasional dan internasional yang relevan dengan keterbacaan dokumen konstruksi, ambiguitas kontrak, klaim, sengketa, kualitas klausula, dan mitigasi sengketa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif-kualitatif dengan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penelusuran literatur pada Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, MDPI, Emerald Insight, Garuda, dan jurnal nasional terakreditasi dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang relevan. Teknik analisis data dilakukan melalui sintesis tematik deskriptif dengan mengelompokkan temuan ke dalam tema kebahasaan, terminologi, struktur penyajian, konsistensi, kelengkapan dokumen, pemahaman para pihak, serta implikasi terhadap klaim dan sengketa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kejelasan bahasa dipengaruhi oleh empat faktor utama, yaitu aspek kebahasaan, terminologi, struktur penyajian, serta konsistensi dan kelengkapan dokumen. Ketidakjelasan pada aspek tersebut dapat menghambat pemahaman terhadap ruang lingkup, kewajiban, prosedur, spesifikasi, dan batas tanggung jawab. Kondisi ini berpotensi menimbulkan salah tafsir, keterlambatan, biaya tambahan, pekerjaan ulang, klaim, hingga sengketa konstruksi. Sebaliknya, dokumen yang jelas, runtut, konsisten, dan operasional dapat mendukung kesamaan pemahaman antarpihak serta berfungsi sebagai instrumen preventif dalam pengendalian risiko administrasi kontrak konstruksi.

AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN PRONOUNCING INTERDENTAL AND POST-ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE CONSONANTS

2026-06-29T11:57:02+00:00

This research is motivated by students’ difficulties in distinguishing and pronouncing English dental (/θ/, /ð/) and post-alveolar (/ʃ/, /ʒ/) fricative consonants, which are often influenced by first language interference. This study aims to analyze students’ ability to distinguish and pronounce dental and post-alveolar fricative consonants and to identify the most problematic sounds experienced by students. This research employed a quantitative descriptive method. The subjects of this study were 12 sixth-semester students of the English Education Study Program at Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin University in the 2024/2025 academic year, selected using total sampling technique. The data were collected through a pronunciation test consisting of 20 pairs of words, supported by audio and video recordings. The data were analyzed using scoring rubrics and descriptive statistical analysis to determine students’ pronunciation accuracy. The results showed that students’ overall ability in pronouncing fricative consonants was categorized as good, with an average score of 3.35. The sound /ʃ/ was relatively easier for students to pronounce, while /θ/, /ð/, and /ʒ/ remained problematic due to first language interference. Therefore, more intensive and varied pronunciation exercises are recommended to improve students’ pronunciation accuracy.

CAMPAIGN AGAINST FAST FASHION AS AN IDEOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

2026-06-29T11:57:02+00:00

This study aimed to analyze the construction of ideological meaning related to sustainability and consumption in Josephine Philip’s speech entitled “The Simple Solution to Fast Fashion.” The data source of this research was the transcript of the speech, which was examined using Teun A. van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis framework. This study employed a descriptive qualitative method; the data were collected through observation and transcription, and were analyzed using content analysis focusing on macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure. The findings revealed that the speech constructed fast fashion as a global environmental crisis through three interconnected ideological themes: global waste impact, individual responsibility in garment repair, and a call to action. At the macro level, the thematic focus reframed fast fashion from a lifestyle issue into an urgent ecological concern; at the superstructural level, the speech was coherently organized from personal narrative to global consequences and persuasive solutions; and at the microstructural level, semantic emphasis, syntactic coherence, lexical repetition, pronoun variation, and rhetorical strategies reinforced ideological meaning and guided audience interpretation. Overall, the speech functioned not only as informative discourse but also as an ideological intervention that shaped social cognition and encouraged sustainable behavior, and future research is recommended to explore similar environmental speeches in different contexts to enrich discourse studies on sustainability.

UNDERSTANDING VERBAL HUMOR THROUGH IMPLICATURE AND ENTAILMENT IN THREADS COMMENT INTERACTIONS

2026-06-29T11:57:02+00:00

This research focuses on examining humor within online communication by investigating implicature and entailment found in comments on social media. The data were collected using a documentation technique by capturing screenshots of humorous comments on the Threads platform. The data were analyzed through implicature and entailment analysis using pragmatic and semantic perspectives. The results indicate that implicature is a key aspect in the understanding of humor, as the majority of comments depend on suggested meanings rather than direct statements. Conversely, entailment serves as an supporting component that creates logical connections but is frequently overshadowed by the interpretation based on context. Furthermore, the digital environment, including shared knowledge, informal language, and an engaging communication style, greatly impacts the way humor is created and perceived. Consequently, humor in social media serves not only as a source of amusement but also reflects the users’ pragmatic skills and inventive use of language.

INTEGRASI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN LITERASI AKADEMIK MAHASISWA TEKNIK SIPIL

2026-06-29T11:57:03+00:00

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran pengintegrasian pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia dalam meningkatkan literasi akademik mahasiswa Teknik Sipil. Penelitian menerapkan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, teknik pengumpulan data melalui angket terstruktur dan observasi kelas terhadap 35 mahasiswa Teknik Sipil di Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI). Angket dimanfaatkan untuk mengukur pola membaca, rasa percaya diri dalam menulis, serta pandangan mahasiswa terhadap pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, sementara observasi digunakan untuk memantau penerapan integrasi Bahasa Indonesia dalam pembelajaran Teknik Sipil. Data dianalisis melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data secara naratif, pengelompokan temuan, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 8,6% responden tidak pernah membaca artikel ilmiah, 40,0% jarang membaca, 34,3% kadang-kadang membaca, dan hanya 17,1% yang sering membaca artikel ilmiah. Kondisi ini beriringan dengan rendahnya kepercayaan diri dalam menulis karya ilmiah, terutama pada aspek pemilihan diksi, pencarian referensi, dan penguasaan struktur tulisan. Di sisi lain, 85,7% responden menilai pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia bermanfaat hingga sangat bermanfaat bagi kebutuhan akademik, dan 94,3% menyatakan lebih mampu menyusun laporan setelah mengikuti pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengintegrasian pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia yang berorientasi pada disiplin Teknik Sipil sangat diperlukan untuk mencetak lulusan yang kompeten secara teknis maupun komunikatif dalam karya ilmiah.

A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AI-GENERATED ENGLISH TEXTS COMPARED TO HUMAN ACADEMIC WRITING

2026-06-29T11:57:03+00:00

This study investigated the morphological characteristics of AI-generated English texts in comparison with human academic writing, focusing on affixation, compounding, lexical patterns, and word-formation processes. It specifically aimed to identify morphological differences between both text types, examine how AI language models construct academic discourse at the word-formation level, and determine whether morphological analysis can effectively distinguish machine-produced from human-written academic texts. Ten academic texts — five ChatGPT-generated outputs and five drawn from student essays and final assignment articles — were purposively selected based on comparable topic, length, and register. Employing a qualitative descriptive design with a comparative approach, data were collected through documentation and analyzed using qualitative content analysis framework of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. Morphological features were systematically classified into derivational affixes, inflectional affixes, compounds, acronyms, and lexical patterns. The findings revealed notable distinctions between the two text types. AI-generated texts displayed higher frequencies of derivational suffixes (186 instances) and lexical repetition (79 instances), with heavy dependence on standardized suffixes such as -tion, -ment, and -ity to sustain academic formality. Human-written texts, conversely, exhibited greater morphological complexity through multi-affix constructions like misinterpretation and unpredictability, richer compounding patterns including self-regulated learning and cross-cultural communication, and broader lexical diversity achieved through synonym substitution. The study concludes that, while AI-generated writing demonstrates grammatical consistency, human academic discourse remains superior in lexical richness, morphological creativity, and contextual adaptability.

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES IN ENGLISH

2026-06-29T11:57:04+00:00

Grammar is a fundamental component of language learning because it helps learners construct sentences accurately and meaningfully. Among the grammatical aspects of English, gerunds and participles are often considered challenging due to their similar –ing forms but different grammatical functions. This study aims to analyze students’ ability to distinguish between gerunds and participles in English sentences. The data source of this research was students of the English Education Program, and the data were collected through a grammar test focusing on the identification and grammatical functional of gerunds and participles. The research was conducted among the 2022 class of English Education students at FKIP Universitas Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin Solok, in the 2024/2025 academic year. The study applied a descriptive quantitative design involving 12 students, who served as both the population and sample. Data were collected through a 40-item multiple-choice test developed based on Yule’s (2019) indicators. The instrument achieved a Content Validity Ratio (CVR) of 1.00 and an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.988, indicating excellent validity and reliability. The results revealed that students’ ability in using gerunds was fair (70.83), their ability in using participle was poor (54.86%), and their overall ability to distinguish both forms was fair (64.58%). The findings indicate that students’ ability to distinguish gerunds and participles is at a moderate to low level, with many students experiencing difficulties in identifying grammatical functions due to confusion between form and function of –ing constructions.

SOCIAL CLASSES AND OCCUPATIONS OF JAVANESE SOCIETY IN 1950’s PORTRAYED IN “CIGARETTE GIRL” BY RATIH KUMALA

2026-06-30T07:02:35+00:00

This study aims to identify the types of social classes and occupations represented in Javanese society in the 1950s as portrayed in Ratih Kumala’s Cigarette Girl. The study employs Max Weber’s theory of social class and Allan Swingewood’s sociology of literature. The data source is the novel Cigarette Girl, while the data consists of passages and dialogues related to social status and occupations. Data were collected through close reading and note-taking techniques and analysed using a qualitative descriptive method. The findings reveal three social classes: lower, middle, and upper classes. The lower class is represented by cigarette rollers, laborers, and servants, the middle class by teachers and educated workers, and the upper class by business owners and factory proprietors. These occupations reflect the social hierarchy of Javanese society in the 1950s. The study implies that literature can function as a social document that preserves historical representations of social class and occupational structures in society.