KEJELASAN BAHASA DALAM DOKUMEN TEKNIS KONSTRUKSI: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS TERHADAP DAMPAKNYA PADA PEMAHAMAN DAN PELAKSANAAN PROYEK
Abstract
Dokumen teknis konstruksi merupakan acuan utama dalam pelaksanaan proyek karena memuat ruang lingkup pekerjaan, tanggung jawab para pihak, prosedur pelaksanaan, spesifikasi teknis, dan ketentuan kontraktual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor kejelasan bahasa dalam dokumen teknis konstruksi serta menganalisis keterkaitannya dengan pemahaman para pihak, pelaksanaan pekerjaan, dan potensi klaim proyek. Penelitian ini didukung oleh teori keterbacaan dokumen, ambiguitas kontrak, ketidaklengkapan kontrak, serta konsep klaim dan sengketa konstruksi. Sumber data penelitian berupa 15 artikel ilmiah nasional dan internasional yang relevan dengan keterbacaan dokumen konstruksi, ambiguitas kontrak, klaim, sengketa, kualitas klausula, dan mitigasi sengketa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif-kualitatif dengan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penelusuran literatur pada Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, MDPI, Emerald Insight, Garuda, dan jurnal nasional terakreditasi dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang relevan. Teknik analisis data dilakukan melalui sintesis tematik deskriptif dengan mengelompokkan temuan ke dalam tema kebahasaan, terminologi, struktur penyajian, konsistensi, kelengkapan dokumen, pemahaman para pihak, serta implikasi terhadap klaim dan sengketa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kejelasan bahasa dipengaruhi oleh empat faktor utama, yaitu aspek kebahasaan, terminologi, struktur penyajian, serta konsistensi dan kelengkapan dokumen. Ketidakjelasan pada aspek tersebut dapat menghambat pemahaman terhadap ruang lingkup, kewajiban, prosedur, spesifikasi, dan batas tanggung jawab. Kondisi ini berpotensi menimbulkan salah tafsir, keterlambatan, biaya tambahan, pekerjaan ulang, klaim, hingga sengketa konstruksi. Sebaliknya, dokumen yang jelas, runtut, konsisten, dan operasional dapat mendukung kesamaan pemahaman antarpihak serta berfungsi sebagai instrumen preventif dalam pengendalian risiko administrasi kontrak konstruksi.
Downloads
References
Abdelalim, A. M., Al-Sabah, R., Salem, M., Said, S. O., Tantawy, M., & Ezz Al-Regal, M. (2024). Variations and claims in international construction projects in the MENA region from the last decade. Buildings, 14(8), 2496. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082496
Akal, A. Y. (2022). What are the readability issues in sub-contracting's tender documents? Buildings, 12(6), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060839
Al-Sabah, R. S., & Al-Enezi, S. S. (2024). Reducing contract disputes: A comparative analysis of FIDIC and GCC standard general conditions of contract for construction projects. Journal of Engineering Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2024.09.015
Amoah, C., & Nkosazana, H. (2023). Effective management strategies for construction contract disputes. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 41(6), 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-01-2022-0004
Antoniou, F., & Tsioulpa, A. V. (2024). Assessing the delay, cost, and quality risks of claims on construction contract performance. Buildings, 14(2), 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020333
Bhangwar, S. N., Memon, A. H., & Memon, N. A. (2022). Effect of claims on project performance. Tropical Scientific Journal, 1(2), 41-54. https://mail.scientificacademic.com/index.php/tsj/article/view/5
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE.
Carrera-Rivera, A., Ochoa, W., Larrinaga, F., & Lasa, G. (2022). How-to conduct a systematic literature review: A quick guide for computer science research. MethodsX, 9, 101895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101895
Chan, E. E., Nik-Bakht, M., & Han, S. H. (2021). Sources of ambiguity in construction contract documents, reflected by litigation in Supreme Court cases. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 13(4), 04521031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000498
Fahad, M., Mohamad, H. M., Sulaiman, M. F., & Suro, S. M. (2024). The ramifications of poor communication in construction projects: Unraveling complex litigation and arbitration. Journal of Human, Earth, and Future, 5(4), 704-719. https://doi.org/10.28991/HEF-2024-05-04-012
Gamage, A. N. K. K. (2023). Dispute risk management in construction projects through effective contract management. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology, 11(03), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2023.v11i03.006
Gamage, A. N. K. K., & Kumar, S. (2024). Causes of disputes in construction projects. Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering, 8(2), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2024.v08i02.002
Gurgun, A. P., & Koc, K. (2023). The role of contract incompleteness factors in project disputes: A hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria decision approach. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 30(9), 3895-3926. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-11-2021-1020
Hall, S., & Liebenberg, L. (2024). Qualitative description as an introductory method to qualitative research for master's-level students and research trainees. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241242264
Hambali, S., Sami'an, S., & Hardjomuljadi, S. (2025). Peran kontrak dalam mencegah dan menyelesaikan sengketa konstruksi. Jurnal Konstruksia, 16(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.24853/jk.16.2.1-10
Ibni, A., & Jin, O. F. (2024). Identifikasi mitigasi sengketa konstruksi: Systematic literature review periode 2013-2023. Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil (JRS-Unand), 20(2), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.25077/jrs.20.2.60-74.2024
Kalogeraki, M., & Antoniou, F. (2024). Claim management and dispute resolution in the construction industry: Current research trends using novel technologies. Buildings, 14(4), 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040967
Koc, K., & Gurgun, A. P. (2022). Ambiguity factors in construction contracts entailing conflicts. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 29(5), 1946-1964. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-04-2020-0254
Koc, K., & Gurgun, A. P. (2022). Causal relationships of readability risks in construction contracts. Teknik Dergi, 33(2), 11823-11846. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.962928
Kurniadhi, K. (2023). Klausula kontrak yang terkait dengan extension of time FIDIC Condition of Contract 2017. Jurnal Konstruksia, 14(2), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.24853/jk.14.2.141-148
Lee, J., Ham, Y., & Yi, J.-S. (2021). Construction disputes and associated contractual knowledge discovery using unstructured text-heavy data: Legal cases in the United Kingdom. Sustainability, 13(16), 9403. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169403
Sauer, P. C., & Seuring, S. (2023). How to conduct systematic literature reviews in management research: A guide in 6 steps and 14 decisions. Review of Managerial Science, 17, 1899-1933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00668-3
Silva, P. M., Domingo, N., & Ameer Ali, N. A. N. (2024). Causes of disputes in the construction industry: A systematic literature review. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 29(2), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-03-2023-0012
Simanjuntak, I. J., Hardjomuljadi, S., & Amin, M. (2023). Faktor penyebab klaim yang menyebabkan sengketa pada proyek pengerukan dan reklamasi berdasarkan FIDIC Form of Contract for Dredging and Reclamation Edition 2016 (Blue Book). Jurnal Konstruksia, 15(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.24853/jk.15.1.15-26
Titus, O. O., Ariffin, H. L. T., & Ali, K. N. (2023). Construction dispute and contract incompleteness in Nigeria construction industry. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 14(5), 102153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102153
Vilkonis, A., Antucheviciene, J., & Kutut, V. (2023). Construction contracts quality assessment from the point of view of contractor and customer. Buildings, 13(5), 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051154
Wati, D. L., Sarifudin, F., & Waty, M. (2024). Ketidaklengkapan kontrak dan sengketa konstruksi di Indonesia. JMTS: Jurnal Mitra Teknik Sipil, 7(2), 489-502.
https://journal.untar.ac.id/index.php/jmts/article/view/27338
